How does one obtain design strength of concrete = 0.45fck as given in IS456:2000???

How does one obtain design strength of concrete = 0.45fck as given in IS456:2000??? Here is the explanation: In india, we test concrete cubes to determine 28-days characteristic strength of concrete, which is depicted by “fck” However, we all know that, if we cast cylinder from the same concrete mix,…

I don’t understand why the curriculum/syllabus at engineering colleges is not even close to the requirements of the industry/Market?

I don’t understand why the curriculum/syllabus at engineering colleges is not even close to the requirements of the industry/Market? A simple example. We see buildings built in our area/locality almost every month. Due to less available of land, many buildings have common sides or restrictions of not exceeding their property…